Essay about national service training program review
Reproduced from Conference Proceedings, pp. This paper sets out to consider problems and issues in educational reform in Zambia through an examination of the achievements and difficulties here in attempts to develop progressive and egalitarian change essay about the programmes of the Ministry of Education and Culture for children and adults, in agricultural check this out and in workers' education.
The paper is illustrative of relationships between educational and social and economic change and dilemmas facing educators wishing to institute reforms which benefit the poor in a largely unfavourable political and economic situation. In Zambia the situation is characterised by the domination of elite groups who either perceive that they have a vested interest in maintaining essay about national service training program review their present form those functions of the educational system which relate to social selection and the legitimisation of poverty or whose consciousness and interests, due to their previous experience of education and the benefits they have obtained from it, may not permit them to consider alternatives seriously.
Zambia is undergoing a period of deep economic and social crisis training program review by increasing urban and rural poverty; hunger and malnutrition; unemployment and underemployment; rural immiseration; continuing urban migration; and a large gap in incomes essay about national service training program review 'haves' and 'have-nots'. The agricultural sector has been neglected so that /science-answers-homework-help.html self-sufficiency in food for the whole population has not been achieved.
Due to the decline in the world-market price, government revenue from the dominant copper-mining industry is low. There is a chronic shortage of foreign exchange, not assisted by the poor overall performance of program review and import substitute industries. The national ideology 'Zambian Humanism' 1 is ambiguous in that it may provide legitimation for either the continuation of the colonial and capitalist structure in the form of a mixed economy program review with more egalitarian provision of schooling, health and welfare services or, with the publication of Humanism in Zambia Part II in 2 and Essay about Watershed Speech in 3a lurch towards a socialist interpretation based on control by the essay about national service training program review of the major means of production, decentralisation of essay about national service training program review and participatory democracy in industry 4.
The exploitative potential of state capitalism in the interests of elite groups is national service recognised and moves towards industrial democracy may be part of an attempt by the ruling party, the United National Independence Party, to decapitate the Zambia Congress review Trade Unions and its member unions and integrate or essay about national service training program review labour leadership into essay about national service training program review party bureaucracy.
A one-party state was established in The political process in Zambia may be seen as an intra-elite and training program review conflict essay about national service training program review spoils controlled by the essay about national service training program review between the more info leadership and an emerging bourgeois elite rather than a broader class conflict in which the interests of villagers, for example, are consciously and effectively articulated 5.
Evidence sinceincluding the fate of the Draft Statement on Educational Reform 6 does not demonstrate movement in a socialist direction. Zambia has relied essay about national on the copper mining industry both before and after the achievement of Independence from the British in The service training program industry provided export earnings, a relatively high average per capita income, purchasing power for the employed urban population and civil servants and the capacity to import food and consumer goods.
However, the vast majority of the population now review estimated 5.
Problems of educational reform in Zambia
These changes and reallocations have not occurred. Since low government revenue from copper has revealed, despite stated objectives in the First, Second and Third National Development Plansthe failure to diversify the economy and the lack of a serious attempt to regenerate the rural economy.
Western economic essay about national service training program review theories in the s, including the human capital and manpower planning approaches to educational essay about national service training program review and investment, influenced government thinking and decisions.
These emphasised that economic development on a broad front could be achieved by developing the 'modern' sector which would generate 'spread' effects ultimately benefiting the whole economy and population in terms of income and employment. The inadequacy of such theories in terms of the national service and interests of the vast majority of the population is exposed by the Zambian experience and the fact of increasing poverty. The Third National Training program review Plan admits that past experience in Zambia demonstrates that substantial rates of growth in program review GDP has led neither to significant increases continue reading employment nor to a essay about of benefits to the poorest national service training that performance in these areas has been 'pathetic' 7.
It also demonstrates the dysfunctional and inegalitarian nature training program an expanded educational system tied to the selection requirements of the modern sector of the economy.
The nature of development and educational theory adopted reflects the interests of dominant urban minority groups wishing to maintain their social and economic positions and political influence. These groups include the political leadership, the civil service, essay about small but emergent bourgeoisie and elements in the trade unions.
Urban migration continues but review is no possibility that either modern sector of the economy or the urban informal sector 8which is in my view approaching saturation /research-paper-over-euthanasia.html, can national service absorb more review a small proportion of the current labour force or the annual training program of primary school leavers who cannot gain a place in secondary school, which is now approachingper annum.
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